|
|
|
Background:
|
The Dutch
began to colonize Indonesia in the early 17th century;
the islands were occupied by Japan from 1942 to 1945.
Indonesia declared its independence after Japan's
surrender, but it required four years of intermittent
negotiations, recurring hostilities, and UN mediation
before the Netherlands agreed to relinquish its colony.
Indonesia is the world's largest archipelagic state.
Current issues include: alleviating widespread poverty,
preventing terrorism, continuing the transition to
popularly-elected governments after four decades of
authoritarianism, implementing reforms of the banking
sector, addressing charges of cronyism and corruption,
and holding the military and police accountable for
human rights violations. Indonesia has been dealing with
armed separatist movements in Aceh and in Papua. |
|
Location:
|
Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean
and the Pacific Ocean |
|
Geographic coordinates:
|
5 00 S,
120 00 E |
|
Map references:
|
Southeast
Asia |
|
Area:
|
total:
1,919,440 sq km
land: 1,826,440 sq km
water: 93,000 sq km |
|
Area - comparative:
|
slightly
less than three times the size of Texas |
|
Land boundaries:
|
total:
2,830 km
border countries: East Timor 228 km, Malaysia
1,782 km, Papua New Guinea 820 km |
|
Coastline:
|
54,716 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
measured
from claimed archipelagic straight baselines
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm |
|
Climate:
|
tropical;
hot, humid; more moderate in highlands |
|
Terrain:
|
mostly
coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains
|
|
Elevation extremes:
|
lowest
point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Puncak Jaya 5,030 m |
|
Natural resources:
|
petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite,
copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver |
|
Land use:
|
arable
land: 11.32%
permanent crops: 7.23%
other: 81.45% (2001) |
|
Irrigated land:
|
48,150 sq
km (1998 est.) |
|
Natural hazards:
|
occasional floods, severe droughts, tsunamis,
earthquakes, volcanoes, forest fires |
|
Environment - current issues:
|
deforestation; water pollution from industrial wastes,
sewage; air pollution in urban areas; smoke and haze
from forest fires |
|
Environment - international agreements:
|
party
to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical
Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Marine Life
Conservation |
|
Geography - note:
|
archipelago of 17,508 islands (6,000 inhabited);
straddles equator; strategic location astride or along
major sea lanes from Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean |
|
Population:
|
241,973,879 (July 2005 est.) |
|
Age structure:
|
0-14
years: 29.1% (male 35,823,456/female 34,590,631)
15-64 years: 65.7% (male 79,447,560/female
79,449,399)
65 years and over: 5.2% (male 5,526,389/female
7,136,444) (2005 est.) |
|
Median age:
|
total:
26.48 years
male: 26.03 years
female: 26.93 years (2005 est.) |
|
Population growth rate:
|
1.45%
(2005 est.) |
|
Birth rate:
|
20.71
births/1,000 population (2005 est.) |
|
Death rate:
|
6.25
deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.) |
|
Net migration rate:
|
0
migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.) |
|
Sex ratio:
|
at
birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2005 est.)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
total:
35.6 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 40.72 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 30.22 deaths/1,000 live births (2005
est.) |
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
total
population: 69.57 years
male: 67.13 years
female: 72.13 years (2005 est.) |
|
Total fertility rate:
|
2.44
children born/woman (2005 est.) |
|
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
|
0.1%
(2003 est.) |
|
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
|
110,000
(2003 est.) |
|
HIV/AIDS - deaths:
|
2,400
(2003 est.) |
|
Major infectious diseases:
|
degree
of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and
protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, and
chikungunya are high risks in some locations (2004) |
|
Nationality:
|
noun:
Indonesian(s)
adjective: Indonesian |
|
Ethnic groups:
|
Javanese
45%, Sundanese 14%, Madurese 7.5%, coastal Malays 7.5%,
other 26% |
|
Religions:
|
Muslim
88%, Protestant 5%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 2%,
Buddhist 1%, other 1% (1998) |
|
Languages:
|
Bahasa
Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English,
Dutch, local dialects, the most widely spoken of which
is Javanese |
|
Literacy:
|
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 87.9%
male: 92.5%
female: 83.4% (2002 est.) |
|
Country name:
|
conventional long form: Republic of Indonesia
conventional short form: Indonesia
local long form: Republik Indonesia
local short form: Indonesia
former: Netherlands East Indies; Dutch East
Indies |
|
Government type:
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
Jakarta
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
30
provinces (propinsi-propinsi, singular - propinsi), 2
special regions* (daerah-daerah istimewa, singular -
daerah istimewa), and 1 special capital city district**
(daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*, Bali, Banten, Bengkulu,
Gorontalo, Irian Jaya Barat, Jakarta Raya**, Jambi, Jawa
Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Kalimantan Barat,
Kalimantan Selatan, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Timur,
Kepulauan Bangka Belitung, Kepulauan Riau, Lampung,
Maluku, Maluku Utara, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Nusa Tenggara
Timur, Papua, Riau, Sulawesi Barat, Sulawesi Selatan,
Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Tenggara, Sulawesi Utara,
Sumatera Barat, Sumatera Selatan, Sumatera Utara,
Yogyakarta*; note - with the implementation of
decentralization on 1 January 2001, the 357 districts or
regencies became the key administrative units
responsible for providing most government services |
|
Independence:
|
17 August
1945 (independence proclaimed); 27 December 1949
(Netherlands recognizes Indonesian independence) |
|
National holiday:
|
Independence Day, 17 August (1945) |
|
Constitution:
|
August
1945; abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and
Provisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959
|
|
Legal system:
|
based on
Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by indigenous
concepts and by new criminal procedures and election
codes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction |
|
Suffrage:
|
17 years
of age; universal and married persons regardless of age
|
|
Executive branch:
|
chief
of state: President Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO (since
20 October 2004) and Vice President Muhammad Yusuf KALLA
(since 20 October 2004); note - the president is both
the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Susilo Bambang
YUDHOYONO (since 20 October 2004) and Vice President
Muhammad Yusuf KALLA (since 20 October 2004);
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president and vice president were
elected for five-year terms by direct vote of the
citizenry; last held 20 September 2004 (next to be held
in September 2009)
election results: Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO
elected president receiving 60.6% of vote; MEGAWATI
Sukarnoputri received 39.4% |
|
Legislative branch:
|
unicameral House of Representatives or Dewan Perwakilan
Rakyat (DPR) (550 seats; members elected to serve
five-year terms); House of Regional Representatives (Dewan
Perwakilan Daerah or DPD), constitutionally mandated
role includes providing legislative input to DPR on
issues affecting regions; People's Consultative Assembly
(Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat or MPR) has role in
inaugurating and impeaching President and in amending
constitution; consists of popularly-elected members in
DPR and DPD; MPR does not formulate national policy
elections: last held 5 April 2004 (next to be
held in April 2009)
election results: percent of vote by party -
Golkar 21.6%, PDI-P 18.5%, PKB 10.6%, PPP 8.2%, PD 7.5%,
PKS 7.3%, PAN 6.4%, others 19.9%; seats by party -
Golkar 128, PDI-P 109, PPP 58, PD 55, PAN 53, PKB 52,
PKS 45, others 50
note: because of election rules, the number of
seats won does not always follow the number of votes
received by parties |
|
Judicial branch:
|
Supreme
Court or Mahkamah Agung (justices appointed by the
president from a list of candidates approved by the
legislature); a separate Constitutional Court or Makhama
Konstitusi was invested by the president on 16 August
2003; in March 2004 the Supreme Court assumed
administrative and financial responsibility for the
lower court system from the Ministry of Justice and
Human Rights |
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
Crescent
Moon and Star Party or PBB [Yusril Ihza MAHENDRA,
chairman]; Democratic Party or PD [Subur BUDHISANTOSO,
chairman]; Functional Groups Party or Golkar [Yusuf
KALLA, chairman]; Indonesia Democratic Party-Struggle or
PDI-P [MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri, chairperson]; National
Awakening Party or PKB [Alwi SHIHAB, chairman]; National
Mandate Party or PAN [Amien RAIS, chairman]; Prosperous
Justice Party or PKS [MAHFUD, acting chairman]; United
Development Party or PPP [Hamzah HAZ, chairman] |
|
Political pressure groups and leaders:
|
NA |
|
International organization participation:
|
APEC,
APT, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN, BIS, CP, FAO, G-15, G-77, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC,
IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM
(observer), ISO, ITU, MIGA, MONUC, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OPEC,
UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNOMIG, UPU,
WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO |
|
Diplomatic representation in the US:
|
chief
of mission: Ambassador SOEMADI Brotodiningrat
chancery: 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW,
Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 775-5200
FAX: [1] (202) 775-5365
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los
Angeles, New York, and San Francisco |
|
Diplomatic representation from the US:
|
chief
of mission: Ambassador B. Lynn PASCOE
embassy: Jalan 1 Medan Merdeka Selatan 3-5,
Jakarta 10110
mailing address: Unit 8129, Box 1, FPO AP 96520
telephone: [62] (21) 3435-9000
FAX: [62] (21) 385-7189
consulate(s) general: Surabaya |
|
Flag description:
|
two equal
horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to the
flag of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the
flag of Poland, which is white (top) and red |
|
Economy - overview:
|
Indonesia, a vast polyglot nation, has restored
financial stability and pursued sober fiscal policies
since the Asian financial crisis, but many economic
development problems remain, including high
unemployment, a fragile banking sector, endemic
corruption, inadequate infrastructure, a poor investment
climate, and unequal resource distribution among
regions. Indonesia became a net oil importer in 2004 due
to declining production and lack of new exploration
investment. As a result, Jakarta is not reaping the
benefits of high world oil prices, and the cost of
subsidizing domestic fuel prices has placed an
increasing strain on the budget. Keys to future growth
remain internal reform, building up the confidence of
international and domestic investors, and strong global
economic growth. In late December 2004, a major tsunami
took nearly 127,000 lives, left more than 93,000 missing
and nearly 441,000 displaced, and destroyed $4.5 to $5.0
billion worth of property. |
|
GDP (purchasing power parity):
|
$827.4
billion (2004 est.) |
|
GDP - real growth rate:
|
4.9%
(2004 est.) |
|
GDP - per capita:
|
purchasing power parity - $3,500 (2004 est.) |
|
GDP - composition by sector:
|
agriculture: 14.6%
industry: 45%
services: 40.4% (2004 est.) |
|
Labor force:
|
111.5
million (2004 est.) |
|
Labor force - by occupation:
|
agriculture 45%, industry 16%, services 39% (1999 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
9.2%
(2004 est.) |
|
Population below poverty line:
|
27%
(1999) |
|
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
|
lowest
10%: 4%
highest 10%: 26.7% (1999) |
|
Distribution of family income - Gini index:
|
37 (2001)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
6.1%
(2004 est.) |
|
Investment (gross fixed):
|
16.6% of
GDP (2004 est.) |
|
Budget:
|
revenues: $52.13 billion
expenditures: $55.88 billion, including capital
expenditures of NA (2004 est.) |
|
Public debt:
|
56.2% of
GDP (2004 est.) |
|
Agriculture - products:
|
rice,
cassava (tapioca), peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm
oil, copra, poultry, beef, pork, eggs |
|
Industries:
|
petroleum
and natural gas, textiles, apparel, footwear, mining,
cement, chemical fertilizers, plywood, rubber, food,
tourism |
|
Industrial production growth rate:
|
10.5%
(2004 est.) |
|
Electricity - production:
|
110.2
billion kWh (2003) |
|
Electricity - production by source:
|
fossil
fuel: 86.9%
hydro: 10.5%
nuclear: 0%
other: 2.6% (2001) |
|
Electricity - consumption:
|
92.35
billion kWh (2003) |
|
Electricity - exports:
|
0 kWh
(2002) |
|
Electricity - imports:
|
0 kWh
(2002) |
|
Oil - production:
|
971,000
bbl/day (2003 est.) |
|
Oil - consumption:
|
1.183
million bbl/day (2003 est.) |
|
Oil - exports:
|
518,100
bbl/day (2003) |
|
Oil - imports:
|
370,500
bbl/day (2003) |
|
Oil - proved reserves:
|
4.9
billion bbl (2004 est.) |
|
Natural gas - production:
|
77.6
billion cu m (2003 est.) |
|
Natural gas - consumption:
|
55.3
billion cu m (2003 est.) |
|
Natural gas - exports:
|
39.7
billion cu m (2003 est.) |
|
Natural gas - imports:
|
0 cu m
(2003 est.) |
|
Natural gas - proved reserves:
|
2.549
trillion cu m (2004) |
|
Current account balance:
|
$7.338
billion (2004 est.) |
|
Exports:
|
$69.86
billion f.o.b. (2004 est.) |
|
Exports - commodities:
|
oil and
gas, electrical appliances, plywood, textiles, rubber
|
|
Exports - partners:
|
Japan
22.3%, US 12.3%, Singapore 8.4%, South Korea 6.8%, China
6.4%, Malaysia 4.2% (2004) |
|
Imports:
|
$45.07
billion f.o.b. (2004 est.) |
|
Imports - commodities:
|
machinery
and equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs |
|
Imports - partners:
|
Singapore
13.1%, Japan 13.1%, China 8.8%, US 7%, Thailand 6%,
Australia 4.8%, Saudi Arabia 4.2%, South Korea 4.2%
(2004) |
|
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
|
$35.82
billion (2004 est.) |
|
Debt - external:
|
$141.5
billion (2004 est.) |
|
Economic aid - recipient:
|
$43
billion
note: Indonesia finished its IMF program in
December 2003 but still receives bilateral aid through
the Consultative Group on Indonesia (CGI), which pledged
$2.8 billion in grants and loans for 2004 and again in
2005; nearly $4 billion in aid money pledged by a
variety of foreign governments and other groups
following the 2004 tsunami; money is slated for use in
relief and rebuilding efforts in Aceh. |
|
Currency (code):
|
Indonesian rupiah (IDR) |
|
Currency code:
|
IDR |
|
Exchange rates:
|
Indonesian rupiahs per US dollar - 8,938.9 (2004),
8,577.1 (2003), 9,311.2 (2002), 10,260.8 (2001), 8,421.8
(2000) |
|
Fiscal year:
|
calendar
year; note - previously was 1 April - 31 March, but
starting with 2001, has been changed to calendar year
|
|
Telephones - main lines in use:
|
7.75
million (2002) |
|
Telephones - mobile cellular:
|
11.7
million (2002) |
|
Telephone system:
|
general assessment: domestic service fair,
international service good
domestic: interisland microwave system and HF
radio police net; domestic satellite communications
system
international: country code - 62; satellite earth
stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific
Ocean) |
|
Radio broadcast stations:
|
AM 678,
FM 43, shortwave 82 (1998) |
|
Radios:
|
31.5
million (1997) |
|
Television broadcast stations:
|
41 (1999)
|
|
Televisions:
|
13.75
million (1997) |
|
Internet country code:
|
.id |
|
Internet hosts:
|
62,036
(2003) |
|
Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
|
24 (2000)
|
|
Internet users:
|
8 million
(2002) |
|
Railways:
|
total:
6,458 km
narrow gauge: 5,961 km 1.067-m gauge (125 km
electrified); 497 km 0.750-m gauge (2004) |
|
Highways:
|
total:
342,700 km
paved: 158,670 km
unpaved: 184,030 km (1999 est.) |
|
Waterways:
|
21,579 km
note: Sumatra 5,471 km, Java and Madura 820 km,
Kalimantan 10,460 km, Sulawesi (Celebes) 241 km, Irian
Jaya 4,587 km (2004) |
|
Pipelines:
|
condensate 850 km; condensate/gas 128 km; gas 8,506 km;
oil 7,472 km; oil/gas/water 66 km; refined products
1,329 km (2004) |
|
Ports and harbors:
|
Banjarmasin, Belawan, Ciwandan, Krueg Geukueh,
Palembang, Panjang, Sungai Pakning, Tanjung Perak,
Tanjung Priok |
|
Merchant marine:
|
total:
728 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 3,192,847 GRT/4,319,739
DWT
by type: bulk carrier 35, cargo 409, chemical
tanker 19, container 36, liquefied gas 7, livestock
carrier 1, passenger 41, passenger/cargo 36, petroleum
tanker 125, refrigerated cargo 2, roll on/roll off 13,
specialized tanker 2, vehicle carrier 2
foreign-owned: 19 (France 1, Japan 3, Philippines
1, Singapore 11, Switzerland 1, United Kingdom 2)
registered in other countries: 113 (2005) |
|
Airports:
|
667 (2004
est.) |
|
Airports - with paved runways:
|
total:
154
over 3,047 m: 4
2,438 to 3,047 m: 13
1,524 to 2,437 m: 44
914 to 1,523 m: 49
under 914 m: 44 (2004 est.) |
|
Airports - with unpaved runways:
|
total:
513
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 5
914 to 1,523 m: 27
under 914 m: 480 (2004 est.) |
|
Heliports:
|
22 (2004
est.) |
|
Military branches:
|
Indonesia
Armed Forces (TNI): Army (TNI-AD), Navy (TNI-AL,
includes Marines, Naval Air arm), Air Force (TNI-AU)
|
|
Military service age and obligation:
|
18 years
of age for compulsory and voluntary military service;
conscript service obligation - 2 years (2002) |
|
Manpower available for military service:
|
males
age 18-49: 60,543,028 (2005 est.) |
|
Manpower fit for military service:
|
males
age 18-49: 48,687,234 (2005 est.) |
|
Manpower reaching military service age annually:
|
males:
2,201,047 (2005 est.) |
|
Military expenditures - dollar figure:
|
$1.3
billion (2004) |
|
Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
|
3% (2004)
|
|
Disputes - international:
|
East
Timor-Indonesia Boundary Committee continues to meet,
survey and delimit land boundary, but several sections
of the boundary remain unresolved; Indonesia and East
Timor contest the sovereignty of the uninhabited coral
island of Palau Batek/Fatu Sinai, which hinders a
decision on a northern maritime boundary; a 1997 treaty
between Indonesia and Australia settled some parts of
their maritime boundary but outstanding issues remain;
ICJ's award of Sipadan and Ligitan islands to Malaysia
in 2002 left maritime boundary in the hydrocarbon-rich
Celebes Sea in dispute, culminating in hostile
confrontations in March 2005 over concessions to the
Ambalat oil block; the ICJ decision has prompted
Indonesia to assert claims to and to establish a
presence on its smaller outer islands; Indonesia and
Singapore pledged in 2005 to finalize their 1973
maritime boundary agreement by defining unresolved areas
north of Batam Island; Indonesian secessionists,
squatters, and illegal migrants create repatriation
problems for Papua New Guinea; piracy remains a problem
in the Malacca Strait |
|
Refugees and internally displaced persons:
|
IDPs:
535,000 (government offensives against rebels in Aceh;
most IDPs in Aceh, Central Kalimantan, Maluku, and
Central Sulawesi Provinces); 441,000 (resulting from 26
December 2004 tsunmai) (2004) |
|
Illicit drugs:
|
illicit
producer of cannabis largely for domestic use; possible
growing role as transshipment point for Golden Triangle
heroin |
|
This page was last updated on
20 October, 2005 |
|
|
| |
|
|
