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National Map
Of |
Mongolia |
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National Flag
Of |
Mongolia |
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Flag Description:
three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), blue, and
red; centered on the hoist-side red band in yellow is the
national emblem ("soyombo" - a columnar arrangement of
abstract and geometric representation for fire, sun, moon,
earth, water, and the yin-yang symbol)
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National Emblem(Coat Of Arms)
Of |
Mongolia |
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National Anthem
Of |
Mongolia |
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Categories National Symbol Of |
Mongolia |
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Background:
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The
Mongols gained fame in the 13th century when under
Chinggis KHAN they conquered a huge Eurasian empire.
After his death the empire was divided into several
powerful Mongol states, but these broke apart in the
14th century. The Mongols eventually retired to their
original steppe homelands and later came under Chinese
rule. Mongolia won its independence in 1921 with Soviet
backing. A Communist regime was installed in 1924.
During the early 1990s, the ex-Communist Mongolian
People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP) gradually yielded
its monopoly on power to the Democratic Union Coalition
(DUC), which defeated the MPRP in a national election in
1996. Since then, parliamentary elections returned the
MPRP overwhelmingly to power in 2000 and produced a
coalition government in 2004. |
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Location:
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Northern
Asia, between China and Russia |
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Geographic coordinates:
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46 00 N,
105 00 E |
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Map references:
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Asia |
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Area:
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total:
1,564,116 sq km |
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Area - comparative:
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slightly
smaller than Alaska |
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Land boundaries:
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total:
8,220 km
border countries: China 4,677 km, Russia 3,543 km
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Coastline:
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0 km
(landlocked) |
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Maritime claims:
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none
(landlocked) |
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Climate:
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desert;
continental (large daily and seasonal temperature
ranges) |
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Terrain:
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vast
semidesert and desert plains, grassy steppe, mountains
in west and southwest; Gobi Desert in south-central |
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Elevation extremes:
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lowest
point: Hoh Nuur 518 m
highest point: Nayramadlin Orgil (Huyten Orgil)
4,374 m |
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Natural resources:
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oil,
coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, phosphates, tin,
nickel, zinc, fluorspar, gold, silver, iron |
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Land use:
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arable
land: 0.77%
permanent crops: 0%
other: 99.23% (2001) |
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Irrigated land:
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840 sq km
(1998 est.) |
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Natural hazards:
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dust
storms, grassland and forest fires, drought, and "zud,"
which is harsh winter conditions |
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Environment - current issues:
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limited
natural fresh water resources in some areas; the
policies of former Communist regimes promoted rapid
urbanization and industrial growth that had negative
effects on the environment; the burning of soft coal in
power plants and the lack of enforcement of
environmental laws severely polluted the air in
Ulaanbaatar; deforestation, overgrazing, and the
converting of virgin land to agricultural production
increased soil erosion from wind and rain;
desertification and mining activities had a deleterious
effect on the environment |
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Environment - international agreements:
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party
to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,
Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected
agreements |
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Geography - note:
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landlocked; strategic location between China and Russia
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Population:
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2,791,272
(July 2005 est.) |
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Age structure:
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0-14
years: 28.7% (male 407,547/female 392,440)
15-64 years: 67.7% (male 943,418/female 945,063)
65 years and over: 3.7% (male 44,413/female
58,391) (2005 est.) |
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Median age:
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total:
24.28 years
male: 23.93 years
female: 24.64 years (2005 est.) |
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Population growth rate:
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1.45%
(2005 est.) |
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Birth rate:
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21.52
births/1,000 population (2005 est.) |
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Death rate:
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7.03
deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.) |
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Net migration rate:
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0
migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.) |
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Sex ratio:
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at
birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2005 est.)
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Infant mortality rate:
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total:
53.79 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 57.25 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 50.16 deaths/1,000 live births (2005
est.) |
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Life expectancy at birth:
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total
population: 64.52 years
male: 62.3 years
female: 66.86 years (2005 est.) |
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Total fertility rate:
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2.26
children born/woman (2005 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
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less than
0.1% (2003 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
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less than
500 (2003 est) |
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HIV/AIDS - deaths:
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less than
200 (2003 est.) |
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Nationality:
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noun:
Mongolian(s)
adjective: Mongolian |
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Ethnic groups:
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Mongol
(mostly Khalkha) 94.9%, Turkic (mostly Kazakh) 5%, other
(including Chinese and Russian) 0.1% (2000) |
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Religions:
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Buddhist
Lamaist 50%, none 40%, Shamanist and Christian 6%,
Muslim 4% (2004) |
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Languages:
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Khalkha
Mongol 90%, Turkic, Russian (1999) |
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Literacy:
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definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 97.8%
male: 98%
female: 97.5% (2002) |
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Country name:
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conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Mongolia
local long form: none
local short form: Mongol Uls
former: Outer Mongolia |
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Government type:
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mixed
parliamentary/presidential |
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Capital:
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Ulaanbaatar |
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Administrative divisions:
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21
provinces (aymguud, singular - aymag) and 1
municipality* (singular - hot); Arhangay, Bayanhongor,
Bayan-Olgiy, Bulgan, Darhan Uul, Dornod, Dornogovi,
Dundgovi, Dzavhan, Govi-Altay, Govi-Sumber, Hentiy,
Hovd, Hovsgol, Omnogovi, Orhon, Ovorhangay, Selenge,
Suhbaatar, Tov, Ulaanbaatar*, Uvs |
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Independence:
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11 July
1921 (from China) |
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National holiday:
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Independence Day/Revolution Day, 11 July (1921) |
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Constitution:
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12
February 1992 |
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Legal system:
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blend of
Soviet, German, and US systems that combine
"continental" or "civil" code and case-precedent;
constitution ambiguous on judicial review of legislative
acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction |
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Suffrage:
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18 years
of age; universal |
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Executive branch:
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chief
of state: President Nambaryn ENKHBAYAR (since 24
June 2005)
head of government: Prime Minister Tsakhi
ELBEGDORJ (since 20 August 2004); Deputy Prime Minister
Chultem ULAAN (since 28 September 2004)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the State Great
Hural (parliament) in consultation with the president
elections: presidential candidates nominated by
political parties represented in State Great Hural and
elected by popular vote for a four-year term;
presidential tenure limited to two four-year terms;
election last held 22 May 2005 (next to be held in May
2009); following legislative elections, leader of
majority party or majority coalition is usually elected
prime minister by State Great Hural
election results: Nambaryn ENKHBAYAR elected
president; percent of vote - Nambaryn ENKHBAYAR (MPRP)
53.44%, Mendsaikhanin ENKHSAIKHAN (DP) 20.05%,
Bazarsadyn JARGALSAIKHAN (MRP) 13.92%, Badarchyn
ERDENEBAT (M-MNSDP) 12.59%; Tsakhi ELBEGDORJ elected
prime minister by the State Great Hural 74 to 0 |
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Legislative branch:
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unicameral State Great Hural 76 seats; members elected
by popular vote to serve four-year terms
elections: last held 27 June 2004 (next to be
held in June 2008)
election results: percent of vote by party - MPRP
48.78%, MDC 44.8%, independents 3.5%, Republican Party
1.5%, others 1.42%; seats by party - MPRP 36, MDC 34,
others 4; note - following June 2004 election, two seats
in dispute and unoccupied |
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Judicial branch:
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Supreme
Court (serves as appeals court for people's and
provincial courts but rarely overturns verdicts of lower
courts; judges are nominated by the General Council of
Courts and approved by the president) |
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Political parties and leaders:
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Citizens'
Will Republican Party or CWRP (also called Civil Courage
Republican Party or CCRP) [Sanjaasurengiin OYUN];
Democratic Party or DP [R. GONCHIKDORJ];
Motherland-Mongolian New Socialist Democratic Party or
M-MNSDP [Badarchyn ERDENEBAT]; Mongolian People's
Revolutionary Party or MPRP [Nambaryn ENKHBAYAR];
Mongolian Republican Party or MRP [Bazarsadyn
JARGALSAIKHAN]
note: DP and M-MNSDP formed Motherland-Democracy
Coalition (MDC) in 2003 and with CWRP contested June
2004 elections as single party; MDC's leadership
dissolved coalition in December 2004 |
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Political pressure groups and leaders:
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NA |
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International organization participation:
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ARF,
AsDB, CP, EBRD, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt,
ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, MIGA, MINURSO, MONUC, NAM,
OPCW, OSCE (partner), SCO (observer), UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO |
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Diplomatic representation in the US:
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chief
of mission: Ambassador Ravdangiyn BOLD
chancery: 2833 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20007
telephone: [1] (202) 333-7117
FAX: [1] (202) 298-9227
consulate(s) general: New York |
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Diplomatic representation from the US:
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chief
of mission: Ambassador Pamela J. SLUTZ
embassy: Micro Region 11, Big Ring Road, C.P.O.
1021, Ulaanbaatar 13
mailing address: PSC 461, Box 300, FPO AP
96521-0002
telephone: [976] (11) 329095
FAX: [976] (11) 320776 |
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Flag description:
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three
equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), blue, and
red; centered on the hoist-side red band in yellow is
the national emblem ("soyombo" - a columnar arrangement
of abstract and geometric representation for fire, sun,
moon, earth, water, and the yin-yang symbol) |
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Economy - overview:
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Economic
activity in Mongolia has traditionally been based on
herding and agriculture. Mongolia has extensive mineral
deposits; copper, coal, molybdenum, tin, tungsten and
gold account for a large part of industrial production.
Soviet assistance, at its height one-third of GDP,
disappeared almost overnight in 1990 and 1991 at the
time of the dismantlement of the USSR. The following
decade saw Mongolia endure both deep recession due to
political inaction and natural disasters, as well as
economic growth due to reform embracing free-market
economics and extensive privatization of the formerly
state-run economy. Severe winters and summer droughts in
2000, 2001, and 2002 resulted in massive livestock
die-off and zero or negative GDP growth. This was
compounded by falling prices for Mongolia's primary
sector exports and widespread opposition to
privatization. Growth improved from 2002 at 4% to 2003
at 5%, due largely to high copper prices and new gold
production, with the government claiming a 10.6% growth
rate for 2004 that is unconfirmed. Mongolia's economy
continues to be heavily impacted by its neighbors. For
example, Mongolia purchases 80% of its petroleum
products and a substantial amount of electric power from
Russia, leaving it vulnerable to price increases. China
is Mongolia's chief export partner and a main source of
the "shadow" or "grey" economy. The World Bank and other
international financial institutions estimate the grey
economy to be at least equal to that of the official
economy. The actual size of this grey - largely cash -
economy is difficult to calculate since the money does
not pass through the hands of tax authorities or the
banking sector. Remittances from Mongolians working
abroad both legally and illegally constitute a sizeable
portion. Money laundering is growing as an accompanying
concern. Mongolia settled its $11 billion debt with
Russia at the end of 2003 on very favorable terms.
Mongolia, which joined the World Trade Organization in
1997, seeks to expand its participation and integration
into Asian regional economic and trade regimes. |
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GDP (purchasing power parity):
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$5.332
billion (2004 est.) |
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GDP - real growth rate:
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10.6%
according to official estimate (2004 est.) |
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GDP - per capita:
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purchasing power parity - $1,900 (2004 est.) |
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GDP - composition by sector:
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agriculture: 20.6%
industry: 21.4%
services: 58% (2003 est.) |
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Labor force:
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1.488
million (2003) |
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Labor force - by occupation:
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herding/agriculture 42%, mining 4%, manufacturing 6%,
trade 14%, services 29%, public sector 5%, other 3.7%
(2003) |
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Unemployment rate:
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6.7%
(2003) |
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Population below poverty line:
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36.1%
(2004 est.) |
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Household income or consumption by percentage share:
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lowest
10%: 2.1%
highest 10%: 37% (1995) |
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Distribution of family income - Gini index:
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44 (1998)
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Inflation rate (consumer prices):
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11% (2004
est.) |
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Budget:
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revenues: $582 million
expenditures: $602 million, including capital
expenditures of NA (2004 est.) |
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Agriculture - products:
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wheat,
barley, vegetables, forage crops, sheep, goats, cattle,
camels, horses |
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Industries:
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construction and construction materials; mining (coal,
copper, molybdenum, fluorspar, and gold); oil; food and
beverages; processing of animal products, cashmere and
natural fiber manufacturing |
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Industrial production growth rate:
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4.1%
(2002 est.) |
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Electricity - production:
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2.692
billion kWh (2004 est.) |
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Electricity - production by source:
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fossil
fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001) |
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Electricity - consumption:
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2.209
billion kWh (2004 est.) |
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Electricity - exports:
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8.2
million kWh (2004 est.) |
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Electricity - imports:
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130.5
million kWh (2004 est.) |
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Oil - production:
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542
bbl/day (2004 est.) |
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Oil - consumption:
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11,000
bbl/day (2004 est.) |
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Oil - exports:
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497
bbl/day (2004 est.) |
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Oil - imports:
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11,000
bbl/day (2004 est.) |
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Exports:
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$853
million f.o.b. (2004 est.) |
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Exports - commodities:
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copper,
apparel, livestock, animal products, cashmere, wool,
hides, fluorspar, other nonferrous metals |
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Exports - partners:
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China
47.8%, US 17.9%, UK 15.7% (2004) |
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Imports:
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$1
billion c.i.f. (2004 est.) |
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Imports - commodities:
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machinery
and equipment, fuel, cars, food products, industrial
consumer goods, chemicals, building materials, sugar,
tea |
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Imports - partners:
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Russia
33.3%, China 23.6%, Japan 7.4%, South Korea 6%, US 4.6%
(2004) |
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Debt - external:
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$1.191
billion (2004 est.) |
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Economic aid - recipient:
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$215
million (2003) |
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Currency (code):
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togrog/tugrik (MNT) |
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Currency code:
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MNT |
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Exchange rates:
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togrogs/tugriks per US dollar - 1,185.3 (2004), 1,146.5
(2003), 1,110.3 (2002), 1,097.7 (2001), 1,076.7 (2000)
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Fiscal year:
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calendar
year |
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Telephones - main lines in use:
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142,300
(2004) |
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Telephones - mobile cellular:
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404,400
(2004) |
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Telephone system:
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general assessment: network is improving with
international direct dialing available in many areas
domestic: very low density of about 6.5
telephones for each thousand persons; two wireless
providers cover all but two provinces
international: country code - 976; satellite
earth station - 1 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean Region)
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Radio broadcast stations:
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AM 7, FM
62, shortwave 3 (2004) |
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Radios:
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155,900
(1999) |
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Television broadcast stations:
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52 (plus
21 provincial repeaters and many low power repeaters)
(2004) |
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Televisions:
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168,800
(1999) |
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Internet country code:
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.mn |
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Internet hosts:
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1,000
(2004) |
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Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
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5 (2001)
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Internet users:
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220,000
(2004) |
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Railways:
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total:
1,810 km
broad gauge: 1,810 km 1.524-m gauge (2004) |
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Highways:
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total:
49,256 km
paved: 8,874 km
unpaved: 40,376 km (2002) |
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Waterways:
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580 km
note: only waterway in operation is Lake Khovsgol
(135 km); Selenge River (270 km) and Orkhon River (175
km) are navigable but carry little traffic; lakes and
rivers freeze in winter, are open from May to September
(2004) |
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Merchant marine:
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total:
65 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 339,423 GRT/533,853 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 6, cargo 54, liquefied gas
2, passenger/cargo 1, refrigerated cargo 1, roll on/roll
off 1
foreign-owned: 38 (China 2, Lebanon 1,
Philippines 1, Russia 10, Singapore 10, South Korea 1,
Syria 1, Thailand 1, Ukraine 1, UAE 4, Vietnam 6) (2005)
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Airports:
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46 (2004
est.) |
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Airports - with paved runways:
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total:
15
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 11
1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 (2004 est.) |
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Airports - with unpaved runways:
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total:
31
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 5
1,524 to 2,437 m: 18
914 to 1,523 m: 4
under 914 m: 3 (2004 est.) |
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Heliports:
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2 (2004
est.) |
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Military branches:
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Mongolian
Armed Forces: Mongolian People's Army (MPA), Mongolian
People's Air Force (MPAF) (2005) |
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Military service age and obligation:
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18-25
years of age for compulsory military service; conscript
service obligation - 12 months (2004) |
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Manpower available for military service:
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males
age 18-49: 736,182 (2005 est.) |
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Manpower fit for military service:
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males
age 18-49: 570,435 (2005 est.) |
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Manpower reaching military service age annually:
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males:
34,674 (2005 est.) |
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Military expenditures - dollar figure:
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$23.1
million (FY02) |
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Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
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2.2%
(FY02) |
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Disputes - international:
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none |
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This page was last updated on
20 October, 2005 |
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