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National Map
Of |
Peru |
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National Flag
Of |
Peru |
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Flag Description:
three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and
red with the coat of arms centered in the white band; the
coat of arms features a shield bearing a vicuna, cinchona
tree (the source of quinine), and a yellow cornucopia
spilling out gold coins, all framed by a green wreath
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National Emblem(Coat Of Arms)
Of |
Peru |
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National Anthem
Of |
Peru |
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Categories National Symbol Of |
Peru |
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Background:
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Ancient
Peru was the seat of several prominent Andean
civilizations, most notably that of the Incas whose
empire was captured by the Spanish conquistadors in
1533. Peruvian independence was declared in 1821, and
remaining Spanish forces defeated in 1824. After a dozen
years of military rule, Peru returned to democratic
leadership in 1980, but experienced economic problems
and the growth of a violent insurgency. President
Alberto FUJIMORI's election in 1990 ushered in a decade
that saw a dramatic turnaround in the economy and
significant progress in curtailing guerrilla activity.
Nevertheless, the president's increasing reliance on
authoritarian measures and an economic slump in the late
1990s generated mounting dissatisfaction with his
regime. FUJIMORI won reelection to a third term in the
spring of 2000, but international pressure and
corruption scandals led to his ouster by Congress in
November of that year. A caretaker government oversaw
new elections in the spring of 2001, which ushered in
Alejandro TOLEDO as the new head of government; his
presidency has been hampered by allegations of
corruption. |
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Location:
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Western
South America, bordering the South Pacific Ocean,
between Chile and Ecuador |
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Geographic coordinates:
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10 00 S,
76 00 W |
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Map references:
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South
America |
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Area:
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total:
1,285,220 sq km
land: 1.28 million sq km
water: 5,220 sq km |
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Area - comparative:
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slightly
smaller than Alaska |
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Land boundaries:
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total:
5,536 km
border countries: Bolivia 900 km, Brazil 1,560
km, Chile 160 km, Colombia 1,496 km (est.), Ecuador
1,420 km |
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Coastline:
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2,414 km
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Maritime claims:
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territorial sea: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm |
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Climate:
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varies
from tropical in east to dry desert in west; temperate
to frigid in Andes |
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Terrain:
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western
coastal plain (costa), high and rugged Andes in center
(sierra), eastern lowland jungle of Amazon Basin (selva)
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Elevation extremes:
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lowest
point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Nevado Huascaran 6,768 m |
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Natural resources:
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copper,
silver, gold, petroleum, timber, fish, iron ore, coal,
phosphate, potash, hydropower, natural gas |
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Land use:
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arable
land: 2.89%
permanent crops: 0.4%
other: 96.71% (2001) |
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Irrigated land:
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11,950 sq
km (1998 est.) |
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Natural hazards:
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earthquakes, tsunamis, flooding, landslides, mild
volcanic activity |
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Environment - current issues:
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deforestation (some the result of illegal logging);
overgrazing of the slopes of the costa and sierra
leading to soil erosion; desertification; air pollution
in Lima; pollution of rivers and coastal waters from
municipal and mining wastes |
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Environment - international agreements:
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party
to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,
Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty,
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous
Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,
Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected
agreements |
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Geography - note:
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shares
control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable
lake, with Bolivia; a remote slope of Nevado Mismi, a
5,316 m peak, is the ultimate source of the Amazon River
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Population:
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27,925,628 (July 2005 est.) |
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Age structure:
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0-14
years: 31.5% (male 4,479,278/female 4,323,356)
15-64 years: 63.3% (male 8,891,785/female
8,776,343)
65 years and over: 5.2% (male 685,179/female
769,687) (2005 est.) |
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Median age:
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total:
24.95 years
male: 24.69 years
female: 25.21 years (2005 est.) |
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Population growth rate:
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1.36%
(2005 est.) |
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Birth rate:
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20.87
births/1,000 population (2005 est.) |
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Death rate:
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6.26
deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.) |
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Net migration rate:
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-1.03
migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.) |
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Sex ratio:
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at
birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.89 male(s)/female
total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2005 est.)
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Infant mortality rate:
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total:
31.94 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 34.53 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 29.24 deaths/1,000 live births (2005
est.) |
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Life expectancy at birth:
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total
population: 69.53 years
male: 67.77 years
female: 71.37 years (2005 est.) |
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Total fertility rate:
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2.56
children born/woman (2005 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
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0.5%
(2003 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
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82,000
(2003 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - deaths:
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4,200
(2003 est.) |
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Nationality:
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noun:
Peruvian(s)
adjective: Peruvian |
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Ethnic groups:
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Amerindian 45%, mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white)
37%, white 15%, black, Japanese, Chinese, and other 3%
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Religions:
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Roman
Catholic 81%, Seventh Day Adventist 1.4%, other
Christian 0.7%, other 0.6%, unspecified or none 16.3%
(2003 est.) |
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Languages:
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Spanish
(official), Quechua (official), Aymara, and a large
number of minor Amazonian languages |
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Literacy:
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definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 87.7%
male: 93.5%
female: 82.1% (2004 est.) |
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Country name:
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conventional long form: Republic of Peru
conventional short form: Peru
local long form: Republica del Peru
local short form: Peru |
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Government type:
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constitutional republic |
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Capital:
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Lima |
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Administrative divisions:
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25
regions (regiones, singular - region) and 1 province* (provincia);
Amazonas, Ancash, Apurimac, Arequipa, Ayacucho,
Cajamarca, Callao, Cusco, Huancavelica, Huanuco, Ica,
Junin, La Libertad, Lambayeque, Lima, Lima*, Loreto,
Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Pasco, Piura, Puno, San Martin,
Tacna, Tumbes, Ucayali |
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Independence:
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28 July
1821 (from Spain) |
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National holiday:
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Independence Day, 28 July (1821) |
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Constitution:
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31
December 1993 |
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Legal system:
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based on
civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction |
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Suffrage:
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18 years
of age; universal and compulsory until the age of 70;
note - members of the military and national police may
not vote |
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Executive branch:
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chief
of state: President Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique (since
28 July 2001); note - the president is both the chief of
state and head of government; additionally, the
constitution provides for two vice presidents, First
Vice President (vacant) and Second Vice President David
WAISMAN Rjavinsthi (since 28 July 2001)
head of government: President Alejandro TOLEDO
Manrique (since 28 July 2001); note - the president is
both the chief of state and head of government;
additionally, the constitution provides for two vice
presidents, First Vice President (vacant) and Second
Vice President David WAISMAN Rjavinsthi (since 28 July
2001)
note: Prime Minister Pedro Pablo KUCZYNSKI (since
25 August 2005) does not exercise executive power; this
power is in the hands of the president
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the
president
elections: president elected by popular vote for
a five-year term; special presidential and congressional
elections held 8 April 2001, with runoff election held 3
June 2001; next to be held 9 April 2006
election results: President Alejandro TOLEDO
Manrique elected president in runoff election; percent
of vote - Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique 53.1%, Alan GARCIA
46.9% |
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Legislative branch:
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unicameral Congress of the Republic of Peru or Congreso
de la Republica del Peru (120 seats; members are elected
by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 8 April 2001 (next to be
held 9 April 2006)
election results: percent of vote by party - PP
26.3%, APRA 19.7%, UN 13.8%, FIM 11.0%, others 29.2%;
seats by party - PP 47, APRA 28, UN 17, FIM 11, others
17 |
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Judicial branch:
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Supreme
Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia (judges
are appointed by the National Council of the Judiciary)
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Political parties and leaders:
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Independent Moralizing Front or FIM [Fernando OLIVERA
Vega]; National Unity (Unidad Nacional) or UN [Lourdes
FLORES Nano]; Peru Posible or PP [David WAISMAN];
Peruvian Aprista Party or PAP (also referred to by its
original name Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana
or APRA) [Alan GARCIA]; Popular Action or AP [Javier
DIAZ Orihuela]; Solucion Popular [Carlos BOLANA]; Somos
Peru or SP [Alberto ANDRADE]; Union for Peru or UPP
[Roger GUERRA Garcia] |
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Political pressure groups and leaders:
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leftist
guerrilla groups include Shining Path [Abimael GUZMAN
Reynoso (imprisoned), Gabriel MACARIO (top leader
at-large)]; Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement or MRTA
[Victor POLAY (imprisoned), Hugo AVALLENEDA Valdez (top
leader at-large)] |
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International organization participation:
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APEC,
CAN, CSN, FAO, G-15, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO,
IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU,
LAES, LAIA, Mercosur (associate), MIGA, MINUSTAH, MONUC,
NAM, OAS, ONUB, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNMIL, UNOCI, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO |
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Diplomatic representation in the US:
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chief
of mission: Ambassador Eduardo FERRERO Costa
chancery: 1700 Massachusetts Avenue NW,
Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 833-9860 through 9869
FAX: [1] (202) 659-8124
consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Denver,
Hartford, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York,
Paterson (New Jersey), San Francisco, Washington, DC
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Diplomatic representation from the US:
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chief
of mission: Ambassador J. Curtis STRUBLE
embassy: Avenida La Encalada, Cuadra 17s/n,
Surco, Lima 33
mailing address: P. O. Box 1995, Lima 1; American
Embassy (Lima), APO AA 34031-5000
telephone: [51] (1) 434-3000
FAX: [51] (1) 434-3037 |
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Flag description:
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three
equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and
red with the coat of arms centered in the white band;
the coat of arms features a shield bearing a vicuna,
cinchona tree (the source of quinine), and a yellow
cornucopia spilling out gold coins, all framed by a
green wreath |
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Economy - overview:
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Peru's
economy reflects its varied geography - an arid coastal
region, the Andes further inland, and tropical lands
bordering Colombia and Brazil. Abundant mineral
resources are found in the mountainous areas, and Peru's
coastal waters provide excellent fishing grounds.
However, overdependence on minerals and metals subjects
the economy to fluctuations in world prices, and a lack
of infrastructure deters trade and investment. After
several years of inconsistent economic performance, the
Peruvian economy grew by an average 4 percent per year
during the period 2002-2004, with a stable exchange rate
and low inflation. Risk premiums on Peruvian bonds on
secondary markets reached historically low levels in
late 2004, reflecting investor optimism regarding the
government's prudent fiscal policies and openness to
trade and investment. Despite the strong macroeconomic
performance, the TOLEDO administration remained
unpopular in 2004, and unemployment and poverty have
stayed persistently high. |
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GDP (purchasing power parity):
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$155.3
billion (2004 est.) |
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GDP - real growth rate:
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4.5%
(2004 est.) |
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GDP - per capita:
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purchasing power parity - $5,600 (2004 est.) |
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GDP - composition by sector:
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agriculture: 8%
industry: 27%
services: 65% (2003 est.) |
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Labor force:
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11
million (2004 est.) |
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Labor force - by occupation:
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agriculture 9%, industry 18%, services 73% (2001) |
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Unemployment rate:
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9.6% in
metropolitan Lima; widespread underemployment (2004
est.) |
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Population below poverty line:
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54% (2003
est.) |
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Household income or consumption by percentage share:
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lowest
10%: 0.8%
highest 10%: 37.2% (2000) |
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Distribution of family income - Gini index:
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49.8
(2000) |
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Inflation rate (consumer prices):
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3.8%
(2004 est.) |
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Investment (gross fixed):
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17.8% of
GDP (2004 est.) |
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Budget:
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revenues: $13.6 billion
expenditures: $14.6 billion, including capital
expenditures of $1.8 billion, for general government,
excluding private enterprises (2004 est.) |
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Public debt:
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44.1% of
GDP (2004 est.) |
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Agriculture - products:
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coffee,
cotton, sugarcane, rice, potatoes, corn, plantains,
grapes, oranges, coca; poultry, beef, dairy products;
fish |
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Industries:
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mining
and refining of minerals and metals, petroleum
extraction and refining, natural gas, fishing and fish
processing, textiles, clothing, food processing, steel,
metal fabrication |
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Industrial production growth rate:
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5.2%
(2004 est.) |
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Electricity - production:
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22.88
billion kWh (2004 est.) |
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Electricity - production by source:
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fossil
fuel: 14.5%
hydro: 84.7%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0.8% (2001) |
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Electricity - consumption:
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20.22
billion kWh (2002) |
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Electricity - exports:
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0 kWh
(2003) |
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Electricity - imports:
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0 kWh
(2003) |
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Oil - production:
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95,500
bbl/day (2004 est.) |
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Oil - consumption:
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161,000
bbl/day (2001 est.) |
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Oil - exports:
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49,000
bbl/day (2004 est.) |
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Oil - imports:
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NA |
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Oil - proved reserves:
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408.8
million bbl (2004 est.) |
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Natural gas - production:
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910
million cu m (2004 est.) |
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Natural gas - consumption:
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910
million cu m (2004 est.) |
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Natural gas - exports:
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0 cu m
(2004 est.) |
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Natural gas - imports:
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0 cu m
(2004 est.) |
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Natural gas - proved reserves:
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245.1
billion cu m (2004) |
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Current account balance:
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$-30
million (2004 est.) |
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Exports:
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$12.3
billion f.o.b. (2004 est.) |
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Exports - commodities:
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copper,
gold, zinc, crude petroleum and petroleum products,
coffee |
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Exports - partners:
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US 29.5%,
China 9.9%, UK 9%, Chile 5.1%, Japan 4.4% (2004) |
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Imports:
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$9.6
billion f.o.b. (2004 est.) |
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Imports - commodities:
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petroleum
and petroleum products, plastics, machinery, vehicles,
iron and steel, wheat, paper |
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Imports - partners:
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US 30.3%,
Spain 11.5%, Chile 7.2%, Brazil 5.4%, Colombia 5.2%
(2004) |
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Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
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$12.7
billion (2004 est.) |
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Debt - external:
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$29.79
billion (2004 est.) |
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Economic aid - recipient:
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$491
million (2002) |
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Currency (code):
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nuevo sol
(PEN) |
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Currency code:
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PEN |
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Exchange rates:
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nuevo sol
per US dollar - 3.4132 (2004), 3.4785 (2003), 3.5165
(2002), 3.5068 (2001), 3.49 (2000) |
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Fiscal year:
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calendar
year |
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Telephones - main lines in use:
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1,839,200
(2003) |
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Telephones - mobile cellular:
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2,908,800
(2003) |
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Telephone system:
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general assessment: adequate for most requirements
domestic: nationwide microwave radio relay system
and a domestic satellite system with 12 earth stations
international: country code - 51; satellite earth
stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); Pan American
submarine cable |
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Radio broadcast stations:
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AM 472,
FM 198, shortwave 189 (1999) |
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Radios:
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6.65
million (1997) |
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Television broadcast stations:
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13 (plus
112 repeaters) (1997) |
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Televisions:
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3.06
million (1997) |
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Internet country code:
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.pe |
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Internet hosts:
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65,868
(2003) |
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Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
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10 (2000)
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Internet users:
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2.85
million (2003) |
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Railways:
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total:
3,462 km
standard gauge: 2,962 km 1.435-m gauge
narrow gauge: 500 km 0.914-m gauge (2004) |
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Highways:
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total:
78,230 km
paved: 10,452 km
unpaved: 67,778 km (2001) |
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Waterways:
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8,808 km
note: 8,600 km of navigable tributaries of Amazon
system and 208 km of Lago Titicaca (2004) |
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Pipelines:
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gas 388
km; oil 1,557 km; refined products 13 km (2004) |
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Ports and harbors:
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Callao,
Iquitos, Matarani, Pucallpa, Yurimaguas
note: Iquitos, Pucallpa, and Yurimaguas are on
the upper reaches of the Amazon and its tributaries |
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Merchant marine:
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total:
4 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 13,666 GRT/17,611 DWT
by type: cargo 3, petroleum tanker 1
foreign-owned: 1 (United States 1)
registered in other countries: 14 (2005) |
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Airports:
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234 (2004
est.) |
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Airports - with paved runways:
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total:
52
over 3,047 m: 5
2,438 to 3,047 m: 20
1,524 to 2,437 m: 16
914 to 1,523 m: 9
under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.) |
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Airports - with unpaved runways:
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total:
182
1,524 to 2,437 m: 21
914 to 1,523 m: 62
under 914 m: 99 (2004 est.) |
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Heliports:
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1 (2004
est.) |
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Military branches:
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Army
(Ejercito Peruano), Navy (Marina de Guerra del Peru;
includes Naval Air, Naval Infantry, and Coast Guard),
Air Force (Fuerza Aerea del Peru; FAP) |
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Military service age and obligation:
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18 years
of age for compulsory military service (1999) |
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Manpower available for military service:
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males
age 18-49: 6,647,874 (2005 est.) |
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Manpower fit for military service:
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males
age 18-49: 4,938,417 (2005 est.) |
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Manpower reaching military service age annually:
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males:
277,105 (2005 est.) |
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Military expenditures - dollar figure:
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$829.3
million (2003) |
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Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
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1.4%
(2004) |
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Disputes - international:
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Peru
proposes changing its latitudinal maritime boundary with
Chile to an equidistance line with a southwestern axis;
organized illegal narcotics operations in Colombia have
penetrated Peru's shared border; Peru does not support
Bolivia's claim to restore maritime access through a
sovereign corridor through Chile along the Peruvian
border |
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Refugees and internally displaced persons:
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IDPs:
60,000 (civil war from 1980-2000; most IDPs are
indigenous peasants in Andean and Amazonian regions)
(2004) |
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Illicit drugs:
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until
1996 the world's largest coca leaf producer; emerging
opium producer; cultivation of coca in Peru fell 15
percent to 31,150 hectares between 2002 and the end of
2003; much of the cocaine base is shipped to neighboring
Colombia for processing into cocaine, while finished
cocaine is shipped out from Pacific ports to the
international drug market; increasing amounts of base
and finished cocaine, however, are being moved to Brazil
and Bolivia for use in the Southern Cone or transshipped
to Europe and Africa |
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This page was last updated on
20 October, 2005 |
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