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National Map
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Serbia and Montenegro |
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National Flag
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Serbia and Montenegro |
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Flag Description:
three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and red
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National Emblem(Coat Of Arms)
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Serbia and Montenegro |
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National Anthem
Of |
Serbia and Montenegro |
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Categories National Symbol Of |
Serbia and Montenegro |
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Background:
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The
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes was formed in
1918; its name was changed to Yugoslavia in 1929.
Occupation by Nazi Germany in 1941 was resisted by
various paramilitary bands that fought each other as
well as the invaders. The group headed by Marshal TITO
took full control upon German expulsion in 1945.
Although Communist, his new government and its
successors (he died in 1980) managed to steer their own
path between the Warsaw Pact nations and the West for
the next four and a half decades. In the early 1990s,
post-TITO Yugoslavia began to unravel along ethnic
lines: Slovenia, Croatia, Macedonia, and Bosnia and
Herzegovina were recognized as independent states in
1992. The remaining republics of Serbia and Montenegro
declared a new "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" (FRY) in
April 1992 and, under President Slobodan MILOSEVIC,
Serbia led various military intervention efforts to
unite ethnic Serbs in neighboring republics into a
"Greater Serbia." All of these efforts were ultimately
unsuccessful and led to Yugoslavia being ousted from the
UN in 1992. In 1998-99, massive expulsions by FRY forces
and Serb paramilitaries of ethnic Albanians living in
Kosovo provoked an international response, including the
NATO bombing of Serbia and the stationing of a NATO-led
force (KFOR), in Kosovo. Federal elections in the fall
of 2000, brought about the ouster of MILOSEVIC and
installed Vojislav KOSTUNICA as president. The arrest of
MILOSEVIC in 2001 allowed for his subsequent transfer to
the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former
Yugoslavia in The Hague to be tried for crimes against
humanity. In 2001, the country's suspension from the UN
was lifted, and it was once more accepted into UN
organizations under the name of the Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia. Kosovo has been governed by the UN Interim
Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) since June
1999, under the authority of UN Security Council
Resolution 1244, pending a determination by the
international community of its future status. In 2002,
the Serbian and Montenegrin components of Yugoslavia
began negotiations to forge a looser relationship. These
talks became a reality in February 2003 when lawmakers
restructured the country into a loose federation of two
republics called Serbia and Montenegro. The
Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro includes
a provision that allows either republic to hold a
referendum after three years that would allow for their
independence from the state union. |
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Location:
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Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea, between
Albania and Bosnia and Herzegovina |
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Geographic coordinates:
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44 00 N,
21 00 E |
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Map references:
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Europe
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Area:
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total:
102,350 sq km
land: 102,136 sq km
water: 214 sq km |
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Area - comparative:
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slightly
smaller than Kentucky |
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Land boundaries:
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total:
2,246 km
border countries: Albania 287 km, Bosnia and
Herzegovina 527 km, Bulgaria 318 km, Croatia (north) 241
km, Croatia (south) 25 km, Hungary 151 km, Macedonia 221
km, Romania 476 km |
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Coastline:
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199 km
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Maritime claims:
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NA |
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Climate:
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in the
north, continental climate (cold winters and hot, humid
summers with well distributed rainfall); central
portion, continental and Mediterranean climate; to the
south, Adriatic climate along the coast, hot, dry
summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with
heavy snowfall inland |
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Terrain:
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extremely
varied; to the north, rich fertile plains; to the east,
limestone ranges and basins; to the southeast, ancient
mountains and hills; to the southwest, extremely high
shoreline with no islands off the coast |
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Elevation extremes:
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lowest
point: Adriatic Sea 0 m
highest point: Daravica 2,656 m |
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Natural resources:
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oil, gas,
coal, iron ore, bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, antimony,
chromite, nickel, gold, silver, magnesium, pyrite,
limestone, marble, salt, hydropower, arable land |
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Land use:
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arable
land: 33.35%
permanent crops: 3.2%
other: 63.45% (2001) |
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Irrigated land:
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570 sq km
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Natural hazards:
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destructive earthquakes |
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Environment - current issues:
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pollution
of coastal waters from sewage outlets, especially in
tourist-related areas such as Kotor; air pollution
around Belgrade and other industrial cities; water
pollution from industrial wastes dumped into the Sava
which flows into the Danube |
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Environment - international agreements:
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party
to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea,
Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected
agreements |
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Geography - note:
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controls
one of the major land routes from Western Europe to
Turkey and the Near East; strategic location along the
Adriatic coast |
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Population:
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10,829,175 (July 2005 est.) |
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Age structure:
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0-14
years: 18.1% (male 1,014,443/female 943,702)
15-64 years: 66.9% (male 3,610,646/female
3,632,365)
65 years and over: 15% (male 699,446/female
928,573) (2005 est.) |
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Median age:
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total:
36.79 years
male: 35.3 years
female: 38.29 years (2005 est.) |
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Population growth rate:
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0.03%
(2005 est.) |
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Birth rate:
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12.12
births/1,000 population (2005 est.) |
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Death rate:
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10.49
deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.) |
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Net migration rate:
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-1.3
migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.) |
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Sex ratio:
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at
birth: 1.08 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.08 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female
total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2005 est.)
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Infant mortality rate:
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total:
12.89 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 14.54 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 11.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)
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Life expectancy at birth:
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total
population: 74.73 years
male: 72.15 years
female: 77.51 years (2005 est.) |
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Total fertility rate:
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1.67
children born/woman (2005 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
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0.2%
(2001 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
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10,000
(2001 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - deaths:
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less than
100 (2003 est.) |
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Nationality:
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noun:
Serb(s); Montenegrin(s)
adjective: Serbian; Montenegrin |
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Ethnic groups:
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Serb
62.6%, Albanian 16.5%, Montenegrin 5%, Hungarian 3.3%,
other 12.6% (1991) |
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Religions:
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Orthodox
65%, Muslim 19%, Roman Catholic 4%, Protestant 1%, other
11% |
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Languages:
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Serbian
95%, Albanian 5% |
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Literacy:
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definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 96.4%
male: 98.9%
female: 94.1% (2002 est.) |
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Country name:
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conventional long form: Serbia and Montenegro
conventional short form: none
local long form: Srbija i Crna Gora
local short form: none
former: Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
abbreviation: SCG |
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Government type:
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republic
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Capital:
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Belgrade
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Administrative divisions:
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2
republics (republike, singular - republika); and 2
nominally autonomous provinces* (autonomn pokrajine,
singular - autonomna pokrajina); Kosovo* (temporarily
under UN administration, per UN Security Council
Resolution 1244), Montenegro, Serbia, Vojvodina* |
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Independence:
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27 April
1992 (Federal Republic of Yugoslavia or FRY - now Serbia
and Montenegro - formed as self-proclaimed successor to
the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia or SFRY)
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National holiday:
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National
Day, 27 April |
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Constitution:
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4
February 2003 |
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Legal system:
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based on
civil law system |
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Suffrage:
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16 years
of age, if employed; 18 years of age, universal |
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Executive branch:
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chief
of state: President Svetozar MAROVIC (since 7 March
2003); note - the president is both the chief of state
and head of government
head of government: President Svetozar MAROVIC
(since 7 March 2003); note - the president is both the
chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Federal Ministries act as Cabinet
elections: president elected by the parliament
for a four-year term; election last held 7 March 2003
(next to be held 2007)
election results: Svetozar MAROVIC elected
president by the parliament; vote was Svetozar MAROVIC
65, other 47 |
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Legislative branch:
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unicameral Parliament (126 seats - 91 Serbian, 35
Montenegrin - filled by nominees of the two state
parliaments for the first two years, after which the
Constitutional Charter calls for direct elections
elections: last held 25 February 2003 (next to be
held 2005)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA%;
seats by party - Serbian parties: SRS 30, DSS 20, DS 13,
G17 Plus 12, SPO-NS 8, SPS 8; Montenegrin parties: DPS
15, SNP 9, SDP 4, DSS 3, NS 2, LSCG 2 |
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Judicial branch:
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The Court
of Serbia and Montenegro; judges are elected by the
Serbia and Montenegro Parliament for six-year terms
note: since the promulgation of the 2003
Constitution, the Federal Court has constitutional and
administrative functions; it has an equal number of
judges from each republic |
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Political parties and leaders:
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Democratic Party or DS [Boris TADIC]; Democratic Party
of Serbia or DSS [Vojislav KOSTUNICA]; Democratic Party
of Socialists of Montenegro or DPS [Milo DJUKANOVIC];
Democratic Serbian Party of Montenegro or DSS [Bozidar
BOJOVIC]; G17 Plus [Miroljub LABUS]; New Serbia or NS
[Velimir ILIC]; Liberal Party of Montenegro or LSCG
[Miodrag ZIVKOVIC]; People's Party of Montenegro or NS
[Dragan SOC]; Power of Serbia Movement or PSS [Bogoljub
KARIC]; Serbian Radical Party or SRS [Tomislav NIKOLIC];
Serbian Renewal Movement or SPO [Vuk DRASKOVIC]; Serbian
Socialist Party or SPS (former Communist Party and party
of Slobodan MILOSEVIC) [Ivica DACIC, president of Main
Board]; Social Democratic Party of Montenegro or SDP
[Ranko KRIVOKAPIC]; Socialist People's Party of
Montenegro or SNP [Predrag BULATOVIC]
note: the following political parties participate
in elections and institutions only in Kosovo, which has
been governed by the UN under UNSCR 1244 since 1999:
Albanian Christian Democratic Party or PSHDK [Mark
KRASNIQI]; Alliance for the Future of Kosovo or AAK
[Ramush HARADINAJ]; Citizens' Initiative of Serbia or
GIS [Slavisa PETKOVIC]; Democratic Ashkali Party of
Kosovo or PDAK [Sabit RRAHMANI]; Democratic League of
Kosovo or LDK [Ibrahim RUGOVA]; Democratic Party of
Kosovo or PDK [Hashim THACI]; Justice Party of PD
[Sylejman CERKEZI]; Kosovo Democratic Turkish Party of
KDTP [Mahir YAGCILAR]; Liberal Party of Kosovo or PLK
[Gjergj DEDAJ]; Ora [Veton SURROI]; New Democratic
Initiative of Kosovo or IRDK [Bislim HOTI]; Party of
Democratic Action or SDA [Numan BALIC]; Popular Movement
of Kosovo or LPK [Emrush XHEMAJLI]; Prizren-Dragas
Initiative or PDI [Ismajl KARADOLAMI]; Serb List for
Kosovo and Metohija or SLKM [Oliver IVANOVIC]; United
Roma Party of Kosovo or PREBK [Haxhi Zylfi MERXHA];
Vakat [leader NA] |
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Political pressure groups and leaders:
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Political
Council for Presevo, Medvedja and Bujanovac or PCPMB
[leader NA]; Group for Changes of Montenegro or GZP
[Nebojsa MEDOJEVIC] |
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International organization participation:
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BSEC, CE,
CEI, EBRD, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU,
ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, MONUC, NAM, OAS
(observer), ONUB, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNOCI, UPU, WCL, WCO, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WToO, WTO (observer) |
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Diplomatic representation in the US:
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chief
of mission: Ambassador Ivan VUJACIC
chancery: 2134 Kalorama Road NW, Washington, DC
20008
telephone: [1] (202) 332-0333
FAX: [1] (202) 332-3933
consulate(s) general: Chicago |
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Diplomatic representation from the US:
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chief
of mission: Ambassador Michael C. POLT
embassy: Kneza Milosa 50, 11000 Belgrade
mailing address: 5070 Belgrade Place, Washington,
DC 20521-5070
telephone: [381] (11) 361-9344
FAX: [381] (11) 361-8230
consulate(s): Podgorica
note: there is a branch office in Pristina at 30
Nazim Hikmet 38000 Pristina, Kosovo; telephone:
[381](38)549-516; FAX: [381](38)549-890 |
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Flag description:
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three
equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and red
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Economy - overview:
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MILOSEVIC-era mismanagement of the economy, an extended
period of economic sanctions, and the damage to
Yugoslavia's infrastructure and industry during the NATO
airstrikes in 1999 left the economy only half the size
it was in 1990. After the ousting of former Federal
Yugoslav President MILOSEVIC in October 2000, the
Democratic Opposition of Serbia (DOS) coalition
government implemented stabilization measures and
embarked on an aggressive market reform program. After
renewing its membership in the IMF in December 2000, a
down-sized Yugoslavia continued to reintegrate into the
international community by rejoining the World Bank
(IBRD) and the European Bank for Reconstruction and
Development (EBRD). A World Bank-European Commission
sponsored Donors' Conference held in June 2001 raised
$1.3 billion for economic restructuring. An agreement
rescheduling the country's $4.5 billion Paris Club
government debts was concluded in November 2001 - it
wrote off 66% of the debt - and the London Club of
private creditors forgave $1.7 billion of debt, just
over half the total owed, in July 2004. The smaller
republic of Montenegro severed its economy from federal
control and from Serbia during the MILOSEVIC era and
continues to maintain its own central bank, uses the
euro instead of the Yugoslav dinar as official currency,
collects customs tariffs, and manages its own budget.
Kosovo's economy continues to transition to a
market-based system, and is largely dependent on the
international community and the diaspora for financial
and technical assistance. The euro and the Yugoslav
dinar are both accepted currencies in Kosovo. While
maintaining ultimate oversight, UNMIK continues to work
with the European Union and Kosovo's local provisional
government to accelerate economic growth, lower
unemployment, and attract foreign investment to help
Kosovo integrate into regional economic structures. The
complexity of Serbia and Montenegro political
relationships, slow progress in privatization, legal
uncertainty over property rights, scarcity of
foreign-investment and a substantial foreign trade
deficit are holding back the economy. Arrangements with
the IMF, especially requirements for fiscal discipline,
are an important element in policy formation. Severe
unemployment remains a key political economic problem
for this entire region. |
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GDP (purchasing power parity):
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$26.27
billion (2004 est.) |
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GDP - real growth rate:
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6.5%
(2004 est.) |
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GDP - per capita:
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purchasing power parity - $2,400 (2004 est.) |
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GDP - composition by sector:
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agriculture: 15.5%
industry: 27.6%
services: 56.8% (2004 est.) |
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Labor force:
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3.2
million (2004 est.) |
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Labor force - by occupation:
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agriculture NA, industry NA, services NA |
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Unemployment rate:
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30%
note: unemployment is approximately 50% in Kosovo
(2004 est.) |
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Population below poverty line:
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30% (1999
est.) |
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Household income or consumption by percentage share:
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lowest
10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA% |
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Inflation rate (consumer prices):
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8.8%
(2004 est.) |
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Investment (gross fixed):
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14.4% of
GDP (2004 est.) |
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Budget:
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revenues: $9.773 billion
expenditures: $10.46 billion, including capital
expenditures of NA (2004 est.) |
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Public debt:
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80% of
GDP (2004 est.) |
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Agriculture - products:
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cereals,
fruits, vegetables, tobacco, olives; cattle, sheep,
goats |
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Industries:
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machine
building (aircraft, trucks, and automobiles; tanks and
weapons; electrical equipment; agricultural machinery);
metallurgy (steel, aluminum, copper, lead, zinc,
chromium, antimony, bismuth, cadmium); mining (coal,
bauxite, nonferrous ore, iron ore, limestone); consumer
goods (textiles, footwear, foodstuffs, appliances);
electronics, petroleum products, chemicals, and
pharmaceuticals |
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Industrial production growth rate:
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1.7%
(2002 est.) |
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Electricity - production:
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31.64
billion kWh (2002) |
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Electricity - production by source:
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fossil
fuel: 62.9%
hydro: 37.1%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001) |
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Electricity - consumption:
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32.33
billion kWh (2002) |
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Electricity - exports:
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400
million kWh (2002) |
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Electricity - imports:
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3.3
billion kWh (2002) |
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Oil - production:
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15,000
bbl/day (2001 est.) |
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Oil - consumption:
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64,000
bbl/day (2001 est.) |
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Oil - exports:
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NA |
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Oil - imports:
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NA |
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Oil - proved reserves:
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38.75
million bbl (1 January 2002) |
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Natural gas - production:
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602
million cu m (2001 est.) |
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Natural gas - consumption:
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602
million cu m (2001 est.) |
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Natural gas - exports:
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0 cu m
(2001 est.) |
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Natural gas - imports:
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0 cu m
(2001 est.) |
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Natural gas - proved reserves:
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24.07
billion cu m (1 January 2002) |
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Current account balance:
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$-3.008
billion (2004 est.) |
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Exports:
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$3.245
billion f.o.b. (2004 est.) |
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Exports - commodities:
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manufactured goods, food and live animals, raw materials
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Exports - partners:
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Italy
29%, Germany 16.6%, Austria 7%, Greece 6.7%, France
4.9%, Slovenia 4.1% (2004) |
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Imports:
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$9.538
billion f.o.b. (2004 est.) |
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Imports - commodities:
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machinery
and transport equipment, fuels and lubricants,
manufactured goods, chemicals, food and live animals,
raw materials |
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Imports - partners:
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Germany
18.5%, Italy 16.5%, Austria 8.3%, Slovenia 6.7%,
Bulgaria 4.7%, France 4.5% (2004) |
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Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
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$3.55
billion (2004 est.) |
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Debt - external:
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$12.97
billion (2004 est.) |
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Economic aid - recipient:
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$2
billion pledged in 2001 (disbursements to follow for
several years) |
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Currency (code):
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new
Yugoslav dinar (YUM); note - in Montenegro the euro is
legal tender; in Kosovo both the euro and the Yugoslav
dinar are legal |
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Currency code:
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CSD, EUR
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Exchange rates:
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new
Yugoslav dinars per US dollar - 64.1915 (official rate:
65) (2002) |
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Fiscal year:
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calendar
year |
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Telephones - main lines in use:
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2,611,700
(2003) |
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Telephones - mobile cellular:
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3,634,600
(2003) |
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Telephone system:
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general assessment: NA
domestic: NA
international: country code - 381; satellite
earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) |
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Radio broadcast stations:
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AM 113,
FM 194, shortwave 2 (1998) |
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Radios:
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3.15
million (1997) |
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Television broadcast stations:
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more than
771 (including 86 strong stations and 685 low-power
stations, plus 20 repeaters in the principal networks;
also numerous local or private stations in Serbia and
Vojvodina) (1997) |
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Televisions:
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2.75
million (1997) |
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Internet country code:
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.cs |
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Internet hosts:
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20,207
(2004) |
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Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
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9 (2000)
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Internet users:
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847,000
(2003) |
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Railways:
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total:
4,380 km
standard gauge: 4,380 km 1.435-m gauge (1,364 km
electrified) (2004) |
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Highways:
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total:
45,290 km
paved: 28,261 km (including 374 km of
expressways)
unpaved: 17,029 km (2002) |
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Waterways:
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587 km
note: Danube River traffic delayed by pontoon
bridge at Novi Sad; plan to replace by summer of 2005
(2004) |
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Pipelines:
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gas 3,177
km; oil 393 km (2004) |
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Ports and harbors:
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Bar |
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Merchant marine:
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total:
2
by type: cargo 1, chemical tanker 1
foreign-owned: 2 (Finland 1, Turkey 1)
registered in other countries: 3 (2005) |
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Airports:
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44 (2004
est.) |
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Airports - with paved runways:
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total:
19
over 3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 5
1,524 to 2,437 m: 6
914 to 1,523 m: 2
under 914 m: 4 (2004 est.) |
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Airports - with unpaved runways:
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total:
25
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 10
under 914 m: 13 (2004 est.) |
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Heliports:
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4 (2004
est.) |
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Military branches:
|
Serbian
and Montenegrin Armed Forces (Vojska Srbije i Crne Gore,
VSCG): Ground Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Naval
Forces (2005) |
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Military service age and obligation:
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19 years
of age (nine months compulsory service) (2004) |
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Manpower available for military service:
|
males
age 19-49: 2,389,729 (2005 est.) |
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Manpower fit for military service:
|
males
age 19-49: 1,959,166 (2005 est.) |
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Manpower reaching military service age annually:
|
males:
81,033 (2005 est.) |
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Military expenditures - dollar figure:
|
$654
million (2002) |
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Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
|
NA |
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Disputes - international:
|
Kosovo
remains unresolved administered by several thousand
peacekeepers from the UN Interim Administration Mission
in Kosovo (UNMIK) since 1999, with Kosovar Albanians
overwhelmingly supporting and Serbian officials opposing
Kosovo independence; the international community had
agreed to begin a process to determine final status but
contingency of solidifying multi-ethnic democracy in
Kosovo has not been satisfied; ethnic Albanians in
Kosovo refuse demarcation of the boundary with Macedonia
in accordance with the 2000 Macedonia-Serbia and
Montenegro delimitation agreement; Serbia and Montenegro
have delimited about half of the boundary with Bosnia
and Herzegovina, but sections along the Drina River
remain in dispute |
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Refugees and internally displaced persons:
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refugees (country of origin): 99,170 (Bosnia)
188,656 (Croatia)
IDPs: 225,000 (mostly ethnic Serbs and Roma who
fled Kosovo in 1999) (2004) |
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Illicit drugs:
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transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin moving to
Western Europe on the Balkan route; economy vulnerable
to money laundering |
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This page was last updated on
20 October, 2005 |
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