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National Map
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Uzbekistan |
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National Flag
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Uzbekistan |
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Flag Description:
three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and green
separated by red fimbriations with a white crescent moon and
12 white stars in the upper hoist-side quadrant
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National Emblem(Coat Of Arms)
Of |
Uzbekistan |
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National Anthem
Of |
Uzbekistan |
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Categories National Symbol Of |
Uzbekistan |
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Background:
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Russia
conquered Uzbekistan in the late 19th century. Stiff
resistance to the Red Army after World War I was
eventually suppressed and a socialist republic set up in
1924. During the Soviet era, intensive production of
"white gold" (cotton) and grain led to overuse of
agrochemicals and the depletion of water supplies, which
have left the land poisoned and the Aral Sea and certain
rivers half dry. Independent since 1991, the country
seeks to gradually lessen its dependence on agriculture
while developing its mineral and petroleum reserves.
Current concerns include terrorism by Islamic militants,
economic stagnation, and the curtailment of human rights
and democratization. |
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Location:
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Central
Asia, north of Afghanistan |
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Geographic coordinates:
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41 00 N,
64 00 E |
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Map references:
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Asia |
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Area:
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total:
447,400 sq km
land: 425,400 sq km
water: 22,000 sq km |
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Area - comparative:
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slightly
larger than California |
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Land boundaries:
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total:
6,221 km
border countries: Afghanistan 137 km, Kazakhstan
2,203 km, Kyrgyzstan 1,099 km, Tajikistan 1,161 km,
Turkmenistan 1,621 km |
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Coastline:
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0 km
(doubly landlocked); note - Uzbekistan includes the
southern portion of the Aral Sea with a 420 km shoreline
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Maritime claims:
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none
(doubly landlocked) |
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Climate:
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mostly
midlatitude desert, long, hot summers, mild winters;
semiarid grassland in east |
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Terrain:
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mostly
flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes; broad, flat
intensely irrigated river valleys along course of Amu
Darya, Syr Darya (Sirdaryo), and Zarafshon; Fergana
Valley in east surrounded by mountainous Tajikistan and
Kyrgyzstan; shrinking Aral Sea in west |
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Elevation extremes:
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lowest
point: Sariqarnish Kuli -12 m
highest point: Adelunga Toghi 4,301 m |
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Natural resources:
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natural
gas, petroleum, coal, gold, uranium, silver, copper,
lead and zinc, tungsten, molybdenum |
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Land use:
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arable
land: 10.83%
permanent crops: 0.83%
other: 88.34% (2001) |
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Irrigated land:
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42,810 sq
km (1998 est.) |
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Natural hazards:
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NA |
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Environment - current issues:
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shrinkage
of the Aral Sea is resulting in growing concentrations
of chemical pesticides and natural salts; these
substances are then blown from the increasingly exposed
lake bed and contribute to desertification; water
pollution from industrial wastes and the heavy use of
fertilizers and pesticides is the cause of many human
health disorders; increasing soil salination; soil
contamination from buried nuclear processing and
agricultural chemicals, including DDT |
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Environment - international agreements:
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party
to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,
Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected
agreements |
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Geography - note:
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along
with Liechtenstein, one of the only two doubly
landlocked countries in the world |
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Population:
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26,851,195 (July 2005 est.) |
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Age structure:
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0-14
years: 33.5% (male 4,575,443/female 4,408,146)
15-64 years: 61.7% (male 8,201,993/female
8,371,933)
65 years and over: 4.8% (male 528,334/female
765,346) (2005 est.) |
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Median age:
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total:
22.36 years
male: 21.74 years
female: 23 years (2005 est.) |
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Population growth rate:
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1.67%
(2005 est.) |
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Birth rate:
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26.22
births/1,000 population (2005 est.) |
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Death rate:
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7.95
deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.) |
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Net migration rate:
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-1.61
migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.) |
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Sex ratio:
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at
birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.69 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2005 est.)
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Infant mortality rate:
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total:
71.1 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 74.78 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 67.22 deaths/1,000 live births (2005
est.) |
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Life expectancy at birth:
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total
population: 64.19 years
male: 60.82 years
female: 67.73 years (2005 est.) |
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Total fertility rate:
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2.94
children born/woman (2005 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
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less than
0.1% (2001 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
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11,000
(2003 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - deaths:
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less than
500 (2003 est.) |
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Nationality:
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noun:
Uzbekistani
adjective: Uzbekistani |
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Ethnic groups:
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Uzbek
80%, Russian 5.5%, Tajik 5%, Kazakh 3%, Karakalpak 2.5%,
Tatar 1.5%, other 2.5% (1996 est.) |
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Religions:
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Muslim
88% (mostly Sunnis), Eastern Orthodox 9%, other 3% |
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Languages:
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Uzbek
74.3%, Russian 14.2%, Tajik 4.4%, other 7.1% |
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Literacy:
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definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99.3%
male: 99.6%
female: 99% (2003 est.) |
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Country name:
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conventional long form: Republic of Uzbekistan
conventional short form: Uzbekistan
local long form: Ozbekiston Respublikasi
local short form: Ozbekiston
former: Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic |
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Government type:
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republic;
authoritarian presidential rule, with little power
outside the executive branch |
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Capital:
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Tashkent
(Toshkent) |
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Administrative divisions:
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12
provinces (viloyatlar, singular - viloyat), 1 autonomous
republic* (respublika), and 1 city** (shahar); Andijon
Viloyati, Buxoro Viloyati, Farg'ona Viloyati, Jizzax
Viloyati, Namangan Viloyati, Navoiy Viloyati,
Qashqadaryo Viloyati (Qarshi), Qaraqalpog'iston
Respublikasi* (Nukus), Samarqand Viloyati, Sirdaryo
Viloyati (Guliston), Surxondaryo Viloyati (Termiz),
Toshkent Shahri**, Toshkent Viloyati, Xorazm Viloyati
(Urganch)
note: administrative divisions have the same
names as their administrative centers (exceptions have
the administrative center name following in parentheses)
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Independence:
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1
September 1991 (from Soviet Union) |
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National holiday:
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Independence Day, 1 September (1991) |
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Constitution:
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new
constitution adopted 8 December 1992 |
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Legal system:
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evolution
of Soviet civil law; still lacks independent judicial
system |
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Suffrage:
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18 years
of age; universal |
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Executive branch:
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chief
of state: President Islom KARIMOV (since 24 March
1990, when he was elected president by the then Supreme
Soviet)
head of government: Prime Minister Shavkat
MIRZIYAYEV (since 11 December 2003)
cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the
president with approval of the Supreme Assembly
elections: president elected by popular vote for
a seven-year term (previously was a five-year term,
extended by constitutional amendment in 2002); election
last held 9 January 2000 (next to be held December
2007); prime minister and deputy ministers appointed by
the president
election results: Islom KARIMOV reelected
president; percent of vote - Islom KARIMOV 91.9%,
Abdulkhafiz JALALOV 4.2% |
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Legislative branch:
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bicameral
Supreme Assembly or Oliy Majlis consists of an Upper
House or Senate (100 seats; 84 members are elected by
regional governing councils to serve five-year terms and
16 are appointed by the president) and a Lower House or
Legislative Chamber (120 seats; elected by popular vote
to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 26 December 2004 and 9
January 2005 (next to be held December 2009)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by
party - NA%; seats by party - NA; Legislative Chamber -
percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - LDPU
41, NDP 32, Fidokorlar 17, MTP 11, Adolat 9,
unaffiliated 10
note: all parties in the Supreme Assembly support
President KARIMOV |
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Judicial branch:
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Supreme
Court (judges are nominated by the president and
confirmed by the Supreme Assembly) |
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Political parties and leaders:
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Adolat
(Justice) Social Democratic Party [Dilorom
TOSHMUHAMMADOVA, chairman]; Democratic National Rebirth
Party (Milly Tiklanish) or MTP [Xurshid DOSTMUHAMMADOV,
chief]; Liberal Democratic Party of Uzbekistan or LDPU
[Adham SHODMONOV, chairman]; People's Democratic Party
or NDP (formerly Communist Party) [Asliddin RUSTAMOV,
first secretary]; Self-Sacrificers Party or Fidokorlar
National Democratic Party [Ahtam TURSUNOV, chief]; note
- Fatherland Progress Party merged with Self-Sacrificers
Party |
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Political pressure groups and leaders:
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Agrarian
and Entrepreneurs' Party [Marat ZAHIDOV]; Birlik (Unity)
Movement [Abdurakhim POLAT, chairman]; Erk (Freedom)
Democratic Party [Muhammad SOLIH, chairman] was banned 9
December 1992; Ezgulik Human Rights Society [Vasilia
INOYATOVA]; Free Farmers' Party or Ozod Dehqonlar
[Nigara KHIDOYATOVA]; Human Rights Society of Uzbekistan
[Tolib YAKUBOV, chairman]; Independent Human Rights
Society of Uzbekistan [Mikhail ARDZINOV, chairman];
Mazlum [leader NA] |
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International organization participation:
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AsDB,
CIS, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, FAO, GUUAM, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt
(signatory), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF,
Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OSCE,
PFP, SCO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO (observer) |
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Diplomatic representation in the US:
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chief
of mission: Ambassador Abdulaziz KAMILOV
chancery: 1746 Massachusetts Avenue NW,
Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 293-6803
FAX: [1] (202) 293-6804
consulate(s) general: New York |
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Diplomatic representation from the US:
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chief
of mission: Ambassador Jon PURNELL
embassy: 82 Chilanzarskaya, Tashkent 700115
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [998] (71) 120-5450
FAX: [998] (71) 120-6335 |
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Flag description:
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three
equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and green
separated by red fimbriations with a white crescent moon
and 12 white stars in the upper hoist-side quadrant |
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Economy - overview:
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Uzbekistan is a dry, landlocked country of which 11%
consists of intensely cultivated, irrigated river
valleys. More than 60% of its population lives in
densely populated rural communities. Uzbekistan is now
the world's second-largest cotton exporter, a large
producer of gold and oil, and a regionally significant
producer of chemicals and machinery. Following
independence in December 1991, the government sought to
prop up its Soviet-style command economy with subsidies
and tight controls on production and prices. Uzbekistan
responded to the negative external conditions generated
by the Asian and Russian financial crises by emphasizing
import substitute industrialization and by tightening
export and currency controls within its already largely
closed economy. The government, while aware of the need
to improve the investment climate, sponsors measures
that often increase, not decrease, the government's
control over business decisions. A sharp increase in the
inequality of income distribution has hurt the lower
ranks of society since independence. In 2003, the
government accepted the obligations of Article VIII
under the International Monetary Fund (IMF), providing
for full currency convertibility. However, strict
currency controls and tightening of borders have
lessened the effects of convertibility and have also led
to some shortages that have further stifled economic
activity. |
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GDP (purchasing power parity):
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$47.59
billion (2004 est.) |
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GDP - real growth rate:
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4.4%
(2004 est.) |
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GDP - per capita:
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purchasing power parity - $1,800 (2004 est.) |
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GDP - composition by sector:
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agriculture: 38%
industry: 26.3%
services: 35.7% (2003 est.) |
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Labor force:
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14.64
million (2004 est.) |
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Labor force - by occupation:
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agriculture 44%, industry 20%, services 36% (1995) |
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Unemployment rate:
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0.6%
officially, plus another 20% underemployed (2004 est.)
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Population below poverty line:
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28% (2004
est.) |
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Household income or consumption by percentage share:
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lowest
10%: 3.6%
highest 10%: 22% (2000) |
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Distribution of family income - Gini index:
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44.7
(1998) |
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Inflation rate (consumer prices):
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3% (2004
est.) |
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Budget:
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revenues: $2.457 billion
expenditures: $2.482 billion, including capital
expenditures of NA (2004 est.) |
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Public debt:
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41.5% of
GDP (2004 est.) |
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Agriculture - products:
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cotton,
vegetables, fruits, grain; livestock |
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Industries:
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textiles,
food processing, machine building, metallurgy, gold
petroleum, natural gas, chemicals |
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Industrial production growth rate:
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6.2%
(2003 est.) |
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Electricity - production:
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47.7
billion kWh (2002) |
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Electricity - production by source:
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fossil
fuel: 88.2%
hydro: 11.8%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (2001) |
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Electricity - consumption:
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46.66
billion kWh (2002) |
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Electricity - exports:
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4.5
billion kWh (2002) |
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Electricity - imports:
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6.8
billion kWh (2002) |
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Oil - production:
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143,300
bbl/day (2004 est.) |
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Oil - consumption:
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142,000
bbl/day (2001 est.) |
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Oil - exports:
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NA |
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Oil - imports:
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NA |
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Oil - proved reserves:
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297
million bbl (1 January 2002) |
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Natural gas - production:
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63.1
billion cu m (2001 est.) |
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Natural gas - consumption:
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45.2
billion cu m (2001 est.) |
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Natural gas - exports:
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17.9
billion cu m (2001 est.) |
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Natural gas - imports:
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0 cu m
(2001 est.) |
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Natural gas - proved reserves:
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937.3
billion cu m (1 January 2002) |
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Current account balance:
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$461.9
million (2004 est.) |
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Exports:
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$3.7
billion f.o.b. (2004 est.) |
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Exports - commodities:
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cotton
41.5%, gold 9.6%, energy products 9.6%, mineral
fertilizers, ferrous metals, textiles, food products,
automobiles (1998 est.) |
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Exports - partners:
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Russia
22%, China 14.7%, Turkey 6.4%, Tajikistan 6.1%,
Kazakhstan 4.2%, Bangladesh 4% (2004) |
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Imports:
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$2.82
billion f.o.b. (2004 est.) |
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Imports - commodities:
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machinery
and equipment 49.8%, foodstuffs 16.4%, chemicals, metals
(1998 est.) |
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Imports - partners:
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Russia
26.8%, South Korea 12.6%, US 8%, Germany 7.7%,
Kazakhstan 6.3%, China 5.8%, Turkey 5.1%, Ukraine 4.5%
(2004) |
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Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
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$1.603
billion (2004 est.) |
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Debt - external:
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$4.351
billion (2004 est.) |
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Economic aid - recipient:
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$87.4
million from the US (2003) |
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Currency (code):
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Uzbekistani sum (UZS) |
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Currency code:
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UZS |
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Exchange rates:
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Uzbekistani sums per US dollar - 1,020 (2004), 971.265
(2003), 771.03 (2001), 423.832 (2001), 236.61 (2000)
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Fiscal year:
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calendar
year |
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Telephones - main lines in use:
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1,717,100
(2003) |
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Telephones - mobile cellular:
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320,800
(2003) |
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Telephone system:
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general assessment: antiquated and inadequate; in
serious need of modernization
domestic: the domestic telephone system is being
expanded and technologically improved, particularly in
Tashkent (Toshkent) and Samarqand, under contracts with
prominent companies in industrialized countries;
moreover, by 1998, six cellular networks had been placed
in operation - four of the GSM type (Global System for
Mobile Communication), one D-AMPS type (Digital Advanced
Mobile Phone System), and one AMPS type (Advanced Mobile
Phone System)
international: country code - 998; linked by
landline or microwave radio relay with CIS member states
and to other countries by leased connection via the
Moscow international gateway switch; after the
completion of the Uzbek link to the Trans-Asia-Europe
(TAE) fiber-optic cable, Uzbekistan will be independent
of Russian facilities for international communications;
Inmarsat also provides an international connection,
albeit an expensive one; satellite earth stations - NA
(1998) |
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Radio broadcast stations:
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AM 20, FM
7, shortwave 10 (1998) |
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Radios:
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10.8
million (1997) |
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Television broadcast stations:
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4 (plus
two repeaters that relay Russian programs), 1 cable
rebroadcaster in Tashkent; approximately 20 stations in
regional capitals (2003) |
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Televisions:
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6.4
million (1997) |
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Internet country code:
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.uz |
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Internet hosts:
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1,040
(2003) |
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Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
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42 (2000)
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Internet users:
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492,000
(2003) |
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Railways:
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total:
3,950 km
broad gauge: 3,950 km 1.520-m gauge (620 km
electrified) (2004) |
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Highways:
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total:
81,600 km
paved: 71,237 km
unpaved: 10,363 km (1999 est.) |
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Waterways:
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1,100 km
(2004) |
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Pipelines:
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gas 9,149
km; oil 869 km; refined products 33 km (2004) |
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Ports and harbors:
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Termiz
(Amu Darya) |
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Airports:
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226 (2004
est.) |
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Airports - with paved runways:
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total:
33
over 3,047 m: 5
2,438 to 3,047 m: 14
1,524 to 2,437 m: 5
914 to 1,523 m: 5
under 914 m: 4 (2004 est.) |
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Airports - with unpaved runways:
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total:
193
2,438 to 3,047 m: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 2
under 914 m: 187 (2004 est.) |
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Military branches:
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Army, Air
and Air Defense Forces, National Guard |
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Military service age and obligation:
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18 years
of age for compulsory military service; conscript
service obligation - 12 months (2004) |
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Manpower available for military service:
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males
age 18-49: 6,340,220 (2005 est.) |
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Manpower fit for military service:
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males
age 18-49: 4,609,621 (2005 est.) |
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Manpower reaching military service age annually:
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males:
324,722 (2005 est.) |
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Military expenditures - dollar figure:
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$200
million (FY97) |
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Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
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2% (FY97)
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Disputes - international:
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cotton
monoculture in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan creates
water-sharing difficulties for Amu Darya river states;
delimitation with Kazakhstan complete with demarcation
underway; delimitation is underway with Kyrgyzstan but
serious disputes around enclaves and elsewhere continue
to mar progress for some 130 km of border; talks
continue with Tajikistan to delimit border and remove
minefields |
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Refugees and internally displaced persons:
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IDPs:
3,000 (forced population transfers by government from
villages near Tajikistan border) (2004) |
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Illicit drugs:
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transit
country for Afghan narcotics bound for Russian and, to a
lesser extent, Western European markets; limited illicit
cultivation of cannabis and small amounts of opium poppy
for domestic consumption; poppy cultivation almost wiped
out by government crop eradication program; transit
point for heroin precursor chemicals bound for
Afghanistan |
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This page was last updated on
20 October, 2005 |
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